Read a translation.

• Jonah.
• Matthew.
• Mark.
• Luke.
• John.
• Acts.
• Romans.
• 1 Corinthians.
• 2 Corinthians.
• Examine the text of Galatians.
• Galatians.
• Ephesians.
• Philippians.
• Colossians.
• 1 Thessalonians.
• 2 Thessalonians.
• 1 Timothy.
• 2 Timothy.
• Titus.
• Philemon.
• Philemon: The web comic.
• Hebrews.
• James.
• 1 Peter.
• 1 John.
• 2 John.
• Revelation.

Evaluate the scriptures.

• Compare some ancient creations stories with Genesis.
• Does David exist?
• Where did the book of Samuel originate?
• What is holiness?
• There once was a man.
• Galatians does not reject human effort or rule-keeping.
• Did Paul author his own letters?
• Grow spiritually.
• A defense of the scriptures.

Understand language.

• Papyrus 52 does contain punctuation.
• Dionysius Thrax, The Art of Language.
• Grammatical tense does express time.
• How do you say phew! in ancient Greek?
• How do you say spit in ancient Greek?
• There are exactly nine parts of speech.
• Unit divisions are critical to understanding.

Use some beginner-level Greek helping tools.

• Read each clause in 2 John.
• Pronounce the alphabet.
• Pronounce the letter combinations.
• Examine the characteristics of the parts of speech.
• Examine action word formation.
• Examine some personal action inflections.
• Examine some impersonal action inflections.
• Learn the six principle part conjugations.
• Learn the substantive inflections.
• Examine substitute functions.
• Examine the spatial relationships of direction words.
• Examine the relationships between paragraphs.
• Read the Greek text of 2 John.
• Isolate the actions in 2 John.
• Isolate the substantives in 2 John.
• Isolate the direction words in 2 John.
• Isolate the paragraph relationships in 2 John.

Use some intermediate-level Greek helping tools.

• Utilize these useful tools.
• Isolate the clauses and actions in Philemon.
• Examine ancient letter writing.
• Examine Cologne papyrus 12.
• Examine Oxyrhynchus papyrus 83.5347.
• Reconstruct the text of Oxyrhynchus papyrus 83.5347.
• Identify the sections in Philemon.

Use some advanced-level Greek helping tools.

• Isolate the clauses and actions in 1 Peter.
• Examine word frequencies in 1 Peter.
• Examine article functions.
• Examine substantive functions.
• Examine direction functions.
• Examine the participle.
• Examine the impersonal.
• Examine P⁷² (papyrus 72) at the Vatican Library.

This manuscript is part of the Bodmer collection. Martin Bodmer was a wealthy Swiss citizen who used his fortunes to acquire a group of manuscripts from the Egyptian antiquities market in the 1950s. After his death, his foundation distributed those manuscripts to libraries around the world. The Vatican now possesses P⁷² at the Vatican Apostolic Library in Vatican City. It is catalogued there as Papyrus Bodmer VII-VIII.

P⁷² contains a mostly complete text of the first and second letters of Peter and the letter of Jude from the Christian Bible. It is the earliest extant manuscript containing those letters, dating from approximately the third century. The same individual copyist likely produced this entire manuscript. This is an important manuscript in the current reconstruction of the original text of the Christian Bible.

• Examine dependency grammar.
• Examine the historic development of the Greek language.
• Examine the death of deponents.
• Examine a second-century schoolboy exercise, British Museum Add MS 34186.
• Examine a commentary on the schoolboy exercise.
• Examine a letter from a boy to his father, Oxyrhynchus papyrus 1.119.
• Examine Oxyrhynchus papyrus 83.5345.
• Examine the John Rylands Library papyrus 457 front.
• Examine the John Rylands Library papyrus 457 back.
• Examine the letter about Lampon the mousecatcher.
• Examine the letter from Theon to his mother.
• Examine Psalm 1 from Oxyrhynchus papyrus 1779.
• Examine British Museum papyrus 2102.

British Museum papyrus 2102 is housed in the British Museum in London, England. It contains a letter from Sempronius to his brother Maximus. This letter likely originates from Alexandria, Egypt, from the late second century AD. It is one of several letters recovered between members of the same family.

• Examine a commentary on the happy family correspondences.
• Saturnila and her sons.
• Examine Musonius Rufus, Concerning sexual excess.
• Examine Josephus Antiquities.
• Summer 2024 assorted readings.
• Fall 2024 assorted readings.
• Spring 2025 assorted readings.

Use some beginner-level Hebrew helping tools.

• Pronounce the Hebrew alphabet.
• Pronounce the Hebrew marks.
• Spring 2025 Beginner Hebrew Reading.

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